HGF and neoplasm: Chemokines like TNFα, IL-1, HGF, IFN-α, and their receptors activate MAPK, nuclear factor-kappa-β (NF-kB), and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor growth [151,182].