TNF and neoplasm: For example, cytokines/chemokines and growth factors like epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TGF-β, RANTES (CCL5), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), family granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are upregulated in the HNSCC tumor micro-environment (TME) and are involved in the progression and metastasis [18,19].