TNF and neoplasm: In response to interferons, macrophages are polarized and activated into pro-inflammatory classical M1 type that produces cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-23, IL-12, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL5 and help destroy tumor cells via activating Th1 cells [35].