TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition to TGF-β1, TGF-β2 has been shown to specifically activate MAPK/p38α/β signaling in the bone marrow that causes induction of DEC2/SHARP1 and p27, and the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and results in the dormancy of malignant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) [192].