Mast cells produce numerous pro-angiogenic factors specific to HNSCC TME, such as FGFβ, TGFβ, tryptase, heparin, and MMPs, to support growth and development [65].In the HNSCC, increased mast cell numbers have been associated with angiogenesis and tumor progression [66]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.