Despite the mechanistic complexity of breast cancers, the promise of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MRS/MRSI has even fostered its initial translation into patients with invasive breast cancer [13] where the lactate/pyruvate ratio was positively and strongly correlated to monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) RNA expression suggesting cell membrane MCT1, rather than LDH activity, is rate-limiting in invasive breast cancers. Here, SLC16A1 is linked to breast carcinoma.