ALB and atrial fibrillation: Overall, in high-risk regions of the world, greater than 95% of individuals tested are positive for AF-alb, with concentrations typically spanning a 3-log range, from approximately 3–5pg/mg albumin to >1000 pg/mg, while more developed regions rarely have detectable levels of the biomarker [6,8,9,10,21,25,26,28,33].