TNFRSF1A and colitis: For example, loss of IKK complex component NEMO in IECs (Villin cre) results in spontaneous colitis mediated by TNFR1 signalling and RIPK1 kinase-dependent cell death [135,184,185], while IKKβ protects against colitis induced by Clostridium difficile or dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) [186,187].