TNF and prostate cancer: Gupta et al. found that IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were the major mediators of ionizing radiation response in prostate cancer after radiation therapy influencing signalling pathways targeting transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs).