IL6 and Alzheimer disease: Considering that (i) Th2 cytokines can stimulate eosinophils to produce IL-12 and promote a switch from a Th2-like immune response in acute lesions to a Th1-like immune response in chronic lesions of AD [38,39], and (ii) IL-6 contributes to the transition from acute to chronic phase of AD through induction of Th2 differentiation and inhibition of Th1 polarization [33], our findings show a potent immunomodulatory effect of Gal-9 on keratinocytes under the inflammatory microenvironment of AD.