In addition, since the PON1 levels may also be measured using other substrates (e.g., lactones), as its lactonase activity is presumably more physiological, further studies that measure the lactonase activities can provide different insight into the understanding of the pathophysiology of NAFLD in comparison to studies measuring the paraoxonase and arylesterase [23]. Here, PON1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.