For this, mice deficient for the autophagy-related gene Atg16l1 specifically in IECs (Atg16l1flox/floxCreVillin or Atg16l1∆IEC) or the wild-type mice (Atg16l1flox/flox) were infected with the CoPEC 11G5 strain isolated from a CRC patient or a mutant strain that does not produce colibactin (11G5∆clbQ) and were subjected to 12 cycles of DSS treatment (each cycle consisted of 1% of DSS in drinking water for 5 days followed by 14-day of regular water; Figure 1a). The gene discussed is ATG16L1; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.