Enhanced S100β levels, suggestive of reactive gliosis, have been shown during absence of TLR4 or TLR2 signaling [17,18,19,59], enteric dysbiosis [20], diet-induced obesity [53,54,60,61], impaired mitochondrial respiration, mechanical nerve injury [62]. The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.