NPSR1 and memory: While the anxiogenic and memory impairment phenotype of NPSR1 knockout mice has not been replicated in all laboratories [76], all studies showed that the stimulant, arousal-promoting, and anxiolytic effects of NPS completely disappeared in NPSR1 knockout animals, demonstrating that NPSR1 is the unique protein by which NPS exerts its biological actions [52,73,74,76].