Furthermore, VCAM-1 blocking antibodies were also able to restore chemosensitivity to cytarabine and etoposide in MSC-leukemia co-cultures [83], suggesting that NF-kB or VLA-4/VCAM-1 targeting could be a clinically relevant mechanism to overcome stroma-mediated chemoresistance in B-ALL. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and leukemia.