In our studies, in JTE013-treated murine BMMs, we not only observed a significant reduction of levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α induced by the oral bacterial pathogen A. actinomycetemcomitans, we also noticed a significant reduction of S1P in murine BMMs treated with JTE013, with or without bacterial infection [43], which suggested that JTE013 down-regulates Sphk1 activity. This evidence concerns the gene SPHK1 and bacterial infectious disease.