VEGFA and neoplasm: On a molecular basis, EA or EA combined with GCB obviously reduced the intratumoral expression of Smad 2 and Smad 3, reduced angiogenesis within tumor burden and had inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA), a TGFβ signaling transactivated proangiogenic factor (Figure 5G, Supplementary Figure S7A).