TGFB1 and Uterine leiomyoma: In addition, bearing in mind that it was demonstrated that TGF-β synthesis and release are increased in uterine fibroids [158], all of this makes GM-CSF one of the most important cytokines that may be able to play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of uterine leiomyoma, which is a typical fibrotic disorder [44].