TNF and uterine corpus leiomyoma: In addition to this, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-11, IL-13, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin (EPO) are all cytokines that interact with estrogens and progesterone, playing an important role in uterine leiomyoma growth [85,86,87,88].