TNF and neoplasm: Even within the immunosuppressive TME of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), combining CAR-T with an oncolytic adenovirus (OAd)-expressing TNF-α and IL-2 (OAd-TNFα-IL2) has exhibited prominent antitumor effects, as OAd-TNFα-IL2 not only increased the tumor infiltration of both CAR-T and host T cells but also reshaped the TME with M1 polarization of macrophages and increased DC maturation [63].