Blockage of PD1 or PD1 ligands with pembrolizumab, nivolumab, lambrolizumab (PD1), atezolizumab and BMS-936559 (PD-L1) has demonstrated significant clinical anticancer activity by boosting T cell activation in multiple cancers including urothelial carcinoma. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and urothelial carcinoma.