For cell proliferation studies, all GBM cells (GBM111, GBM115, GBM133, GBM157, and GBM175) were initially grown in Glc media before they were transferred to the new media containing either 4 mM Glc, 2 mM Glc plus 2 mM Gal, or with only 4 mM Gal, and then incubated for the doubling time of each culture. Here, GAL is linked to glioblastoma.