PCa cells secrete factors such as BMP, TGF-β (Transforming growth factor beta), and IGF (Insulin-like growth factor), which trigger osteoblastogenesis, by activating genes, e.g., RUNX2, OSTERIX. However, it is clear that multiple factors including other growth factors, hormones, nucleic acids, lipids, and adhesion molecules contribute in a coordinated fashion to direct bone remodelling. Here, TGFB1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.