By using several approaches, we also showed that IBD biopsy samples contain reduced levels of ubiquitinated Smad7 as compared to normal control samples, while in CD and UC, there is acetylation of Smad7, a dynamic post-translational modification, which makes the protein resistant to proteasome-mediated ubiquitination-driven degradation [30]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD7 and inflammatory bowel disease.