Other contributors to the development of ccRCC include key signal transduction pathway PI3K/Akt/mTOR, HIF-1α, HIF-2α, VEGF, EGFR, carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX), GLUT transporters, transforming growth factor-(TGF)-α, TGF-β, and Notch [94,95]. Here, PIK3CA is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.