PDCD1 and neoplasm: Taken together these findings support the further investigation into studies combining IRE with immune checkpoint blockade, such as anti-CTLA-4 (e.g., Ipilimumab), that can deplete immunosuppressive TREGs, or anti-PD-1 (e.g., Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab), which will likely enhance the functionality of both the TRM pool and any infiltrating tumour-specific effector T cells recruited as part of the inflammatory response to the IRE.