Considering that hepatic expression of PGC-1α correlates negatively with the severity of hepatic steatosis [22], upregulation of PGC-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a) by CA or CL treatment suggests enhanced fatty acid oxidation and implies that these compounds would have benefits in alleviating hepatic lipid accumulation. Here, CPT1A is linked to fatty liver disease.