TF and colonic neoplasm: In colon cancer cell lines, TFs were found to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted apoptosis (especially δ-TF) in an IFNγ/PMA model [87], suppressing the activation of NF-κB (α-TF and γ-TF) and enhancing the Nrf2 pathway (δ-TF) [88]; their overall effect on antioxidant defense also seemed to be dependent on an elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ [89].