The findings summarized above should improve our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HB by shifting the causative focus from the Wnt/β-catenin and the Hippo pathways in general to a small subset of β-catenin-, Hippo pathway- and NFE2L2-regulated target genes that are widely deregulated across multiple human cancers as well as HB. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and hemoglobin measurement.