NFE2L2 and colonic neoplasm: Park and Seo (2011) have demonstrated that DNA damage occurs in the Cd treated-Nrf2 lacking the colon cancer RKO cell line, which is followed by the increased intracellular ROS generation and induction of micronuclei (MN), which is a hallmark of carcinogenicity in cadmium-exposed Nrf2 deficient cells.