NFKB1 and cancer: HIF-1α can be also activated in hypoxia-independent manner in response to growth factors and cytokines stimulation, which activate signaling pathways such as Ras/MAPK, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/AKT or NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B), known to be often upregulated in cancer cells [22,23].