TNF and its two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, are upregulated in the human brain following stroke [1,3,4], and increased plasma TNF correlates with infarct volume in some studies [5] but not in others [6,7]; with stroke severity at admission in some studies [8,9,10] but not in others [11]; and with functional outcome in some studies [5,9], but not in others [12,13]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Stroke.