LRRK2 and Parkinson disease: In PD, the binding affinity is reduced by mutations in the WD40 domain, and vesicular trafficking is impaired as a result [117] LRRK2 also regulates autophagy through the activation of a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase kinase-β (CaMKK-β)/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in an increase in autophagosome formation [118].