We previously demonstrated that DnaK from a strain of M. fermentans subtype incognitus isolated in our laboratory (MF-I1) from an HIV patient binds to human proteins Poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), central for sensing DNA damage and initiating repair activities, and Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10 (USP10) [24], which promotes activity and stabilization of p53, critical for its anti-cancer functions [25]. Here, PARP1 is linked to cancer.