Some of these genes, including TGFB1, BMPR1B, and LRRC32, have been shown to modulate TGF-β signaling, which suppresses infiltration of anticancer immune cells such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells and promotes the function of pro-cancer immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages, in the tumor microenvironment [60,89,90], leading to poor patient survival rates. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.