TNF and infection: It has been reported that the infection with SARS-CoV-2 can cause a cytokine storm in patients with symptoms severe or critical, consisting of an increase of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10 [167].