TNF and infection: In the brainstem, it was observed an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-12(p70), IL-13, and TNF-α; chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL10, and CXCL1; growth factors, such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, and anti-inflammatory IL-10 at ten days post-infection (Table 1) [116].