In patients with IBD, both neutrophils and recruited macrophages are responsible for production of IL-8 [39], and recent human studies also demonstrated that early recurrent ileal lesions in Crohn’s patients were characterized by IL-8 production from neutrophils, whereas, in chronic lesions, IL-8 was produced by macrophages and T cells [40]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.