CXCL1 and neoplasm: These include (1) activation of the endothelium by exposure to hypoxia, oxidized low density lipoprotein or TNF-α [140], depletion of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in ECs to inhibit the levels of PGE2 and boost the trafficking of DCs within the TME [141,142], and application of sarcosine (N-methylglycine) to enhance the expression of CXC chemokine family including CXCL1 and CXCL3 which promoted the trafficking of DCs and boosted the effectiveness of anti-tumour dendritic cell vaccines [199].