PARP1 and atrial fibrillation: NAD+ has been shown to play a unique role in DNA repair mechanisms [134], and recent studies have shown that administering PARP inhibitors or NAD+ replenishment drugs could preclude this vicious circle by attenuating oxidative DNA damage and counteracting structural remodeling, electropathology, and contractile dysfunction in atrial cardiomyocytes [26], implicating their novel therapeutic role in oxidative DNA damage-induced AF.