TNF and neoplasm: The M1 phenotype is functionally characterized by its ability to eliminate microorganisms or tumor cells, and to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, among others [29], while M2 phenotype is associated with prolonged neural survival, restriction of brain damage, and prevention of destructive immune responses [30].