LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Like adipocytes in obesity, CAAs secrete significantly higher levels of motility factors such as CCL2, CCL5, autotoxin (ATX), as well as proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), and leptin but much less of adiponectin [104].