In 5% of cases, ALS is caused by a mutation in genes including TARDBP, SOD1 (cytosolic SOD), FUS, C9orf72, TAF15 and UBQLN2. Mutations in SOD1, increased oxidative and nitrosative stress and dramatic gliosis (aberrant astrocytes, extensive astrocytosis, upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activated microglial cells) are some of the pathologic changes noted in ALS [77]. The gene discussed is C9orf72; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.