CCL2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) treated with TLMP-derived MPs from COPD patients demonstrated increased production of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), MCP-2, metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and TNF-α, as well as a decreased level of IL-10.