CTNNA3 and familial isolated arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: To date, the exact function of CTNNA3 is still not clear, but previous studies have shown that CTNNA3 could bind with plakophilins to form a combination of desmosomal and adherens junctional proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion of cardiomyocytes [41], and mutations in this gene, such as a missense mutation Val94Asp and an in-frame 3-bp deletion, are associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial 13 (ARVD13) [41].