IFNA1 and atherosclerosis: Therefore, we evaluated the gene expression level of IFN‐α, IFN‐β, and IFN‐stimulated gene 56 (ISG56),20 a well‐established marker of IFN‐I activation, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from HIV‐1‐infected male patients at high risk for developing CVD, examining whether alterations in IFN‐I/ISG56 mRNA levels might be associated with progression of atherosclerosis.