Focusing on the putative role of the different macrophage activation subtypes in SLE pathogenesis [reviewed in (168)], GSI treatment may also ameliorate lupus by impeding the polarization of a particular macrophage subtype (characterized among others by the markers MHCII, CD86, TNFα, IL-10high, IL-12low) in a murine SLE model, generated by immunization with activated lymphocyte-derived DNA (169). Here, CD86 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.