TNF and hereditary spastic paraplegia: HSP was also reported to possess anti-inflammatory effects via downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and NF-κB signaling concomitant with activation of Nrf2 in various in vitro and in vivo models (Parhiz et al., 2015; Li and Schluesener, 2017; Lin et al., 2020).