Taken together, the above data demonstrated that the overexpression of TDP-43 (either WT or bearing the ALS-associated Q331K missense mutation) was toxic to, and formed detergent-insoluble aggregates in, HEK293T cells and that NCL was able to attenuate both phenotypes, facilitating the nuclear localization of TDP-43. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.