We previously found decreased expression of HHIP in human COPD lungs (18) in COPD-derived ASMCs compared and healthy ASMCs (Fig. 2A), significantly reduced expression of HHIP mRNA levels was noted in COPD-derived ASMCs compared to normal ASMCs from female subjects, but not in male subjects). This evidence concerns the gene HHIP and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.