Moreover, the increased serum and extracellular levels of IL-8 and IL-6 have been reported in acute pyelonephritis, vesicoureteral reflux, pulmonary infections, osteomyelitis, and both hematologic and non-hematologic malignancies (Sheu et al., 2006; Mahmoud et al., 2010; Shahzad et al., 2010). Here, CXCL8 is linked to acute pyelonephritis.