TGFBR1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Significantly higher TGFBR1 mRNA levels were found in breast cancer patients with poor prognosis and small tumors as loss of TGFBR2 mRNA was evidenced in primary breast tumors, but, curiously, higher levels of this gene were associated with better prognosis (39), which, added to in vivo and in vitro esophageal squamous cell carcinoma experiments, suggested that TGFBR2 overexpression induces cell cycle arrest and suppress cell growth (40).