Then deep CNNs combined with the second NIR window (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) fluorescence imaging of ICG (named as FL-CNN) were developed to distinguish tumor versus non-tumor for all brain specimens, diffuse lower-grade glioma (DLGG, WHO II-III) versus glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO IV), and low level (<10%) versus high level (≥10%, see the “Materials and methods” section) of Ki-67 for tumor specimens (Fig. 1b). This evidence concerns the gene MKI67 and glioblastoma.