CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibit antitumor immune responses by different mechanisms; consistent with preclinical studies that demonstrated synergistic effects of combined anti-CTLA-4 with anti-PD-1 therapy, a phase III clinical trials demonstrated that combination therapies led to improved responses in patients with metastatic melanoma [9]. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is metastatic melanoma.