TNF and influenza: CD8+ T cells were subsequently recovered from the lung at 2, 4, 6, and 8 dpc, re-stimulated ex vivo with the influenza NP366-374 peptide or irrelevant peptide and assessed for production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, as airway resident CD8+ T cells are capable of curtailing viral replication through production of these cytokines35.