On the other hand, Rubio and colleagues found no significant differences in a number of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, interferon gamma-induced protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma) between dogs with different stages of heart failure due to MMVD or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) [15]. Here, TNF is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy.